Given the power and status of the European nations in the year 1400, Europe’s rise to world hegemony in the period 1400-1914 appears both unlikely and surprising. The factors that account for this development are the fodder for intense debates among historians. Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs and Steel, and Victor Davis Hanson, in Carnage and Culture offer two startling different arguments that attempt to explain the rise of the West. Outline the arguments of both Hanson and Diamond, analyze their strengths and weaknesses and indicate what argument is more credible and convincing.
Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York, NY: Norton & Co., 1997.
Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power. New York, NY: Anchor Books, 2001.
“the race is not won by the swift, nor the battle by the valiant, nor a livelihood by the wise, nor riches by the shrewd, nor favor by the experts; for a time of calamity comes to all alike.”
Ecclesiastes 9:11
Jared Diamond Ph D. UCLA |
Victor Davis Hanson Ph D. Stanford |
Part of the problem in explaining the Rise of the West is the question itself. Suicide by a germ or by a cold steel is still suicide. One doesn’t have to be the Archbishop of Canterbury1 or carry colossal car note to know that very few things in life are an either or proposition. Why can’t the customer have both ketchup and mustard? Why aren’t there more tools in the toolbox besides hammers and nails? Not every problems needs a hammer or a nail - sometimes - a little glue will do. Do we have glue? Can we make some?
Yali |
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!'6
The white man does have more stuff than the black, brown, yellow, and red.7 What good does it do a man to be intelligent or rich if he has no character?8 Even Diamond agrees. Even if to accept the premise of the question, the West enjoyed a 514 year supremacy, what good is that supremacy to the white corpse unburied in a field in Flanders? Achilles offered to trade places the black, brown, yellow, and red, but was refused.9 Further, the Mohammedan displaces the white man of Europe.10 The #AltRight will cry White Genocide, but they themselves don't have big families nor are they willing fight or die for their God.11 Charles Martel did not wave an Atheist flag.12
Germs |
Guns circa 1521 A.D. |
Steel |
Diamond also does not discuss Hernan Cortes with the detail the subject deserves.
Guns, Germs and Steel does not describe the guile, the daring or the bravery of Cortes nor does it describe the caution, indecision and almost arrogant incompetence of Montezuma. Governor Velasquez changed his mind about who would led the Cortes expedition. Cortes had to navigate the new lands of the Mexican coast. He had to defend himself from attack. He had to make allies with a strange and alien peoples. Serendipitously, Cortes meets Geronimo de Aguilar, a captured Franciscan priest and Malinche, a former Indian slave girl who translate for Cortes. Guns, germs and steel do not account for these coincidences.
Hernan Cortes |
Francisco de Cordoba |
Despite revisionist attempts to weaponize small pox against the Indians, parasites don’t care about the nationality of its host. It is true that Europeans developed an immunity to germs born of husbandry. But not all Europeans were so lucky. Many Native allies to Cortes and Pizarro died at the hands of these “weaponized” parasites. Thus the reign falls on both good and evil alike.14
But the greatest critique of Diamond’s work is the author himself, who inoculates his argument be revealing the limitations of his geographic determinist theses. On his website, he talks about how Guns, Germs and Steel did not account for Claus von Stauffenberg’s failed15 assassination attempt against his Furher. Geographic determinism does not account for differences between North Korea and South Korea or East Germany and West Germany during the Cold War. Geographic determinism does not explain 16”
“differences between the attitudes of French and German people, e.g. towards obedience, eating foie gras and frogs, and admiring Wagner’s music. These differences are viewed as products of French and German culture and history for which no plausible geographic explanations have been advanced. German as well as French geography provides geese and frogs.
Scholars Will and Ariel Durant |
The question not asked by Yali, the question inside Yali’s Big Question from 1972 disturbs the reader and the author. The silence of the author in never addressing this question disturbs with greater horror. Why? If the white man is lucky and black man is not, then why is that the case? This is where it is important to know where Hanson and Diamond agree. Diamond and Hanson reject racism. To his credit, Diamond goes
out of his way to express his admiration and extoll the superiority of Stone Age peoples against modern man. Both men concede that supremacy can be lost and agree with Toynbee that civilizations fail because they commit suicide. Will Durant and Hanson agree that civilizational suicide stems from moral decay. Toynbee and Diamond believe civilizational suicide stems from a
failure to solve problems. Both Diamond and Hanson dismiss religion and philosophy as periphery or ineffective factors to the rise of the West. Both Diamond and Hanson (despite both of them having never served in the military) place too much importance on the role of war and soldiery on civilizational revitalization and collapse.
Arnold Toynbee |
Battle of Salamis 480 B.C. |
Hanson responded to Diamond within 4 years. Diamond spent 25 years writing his book. Hanson uses traditional narrative style in making his points. Diamond argues from analogy comparing Oceanic peoples to peoples on the Eurasian land
mass. Diamond uses a lot of his interdisciplinary skills such as scientific speculation to get around the “What if” history and proving a negative that Diamond frequently engages in, practices traditional historians poo poo. That said, Hanson has the right conclusion: Western cultures enjoy a fleeting superiority. Hanson does not fortify his argument very effectively.
Battle of Gaugamela 331 B.C. |
Hanson depends on 9 battles over 4,000 year history. Even if you buy the premise that wars decide whether civilizations die or thrive, even if you believe that cultures produce the soldiers and therefore wars are cultural products, why these 9 battles? Why only 9? Why not more? Since only 7 of the 9 battles precede 1914, we will only consider Salamis, Gaugamela, Cannae, Pontiers, Tenochitlan, Lepanto, and Rourke's Drift and exclude Midway and the Tet Offensive17.
Cannae |
Despite Hanson's clunky tendency to redundancy, Hanson does bring new insights to battle analysis. His work on Salamis buttresses his expertise as a Classicist. The ethnicity of Persians in both the battles of Salamis and Gaugamela as representing an alien race in contrast to the European Greeks paints the blackamoor white. Xenophon would not have agreed. Further the Greeks had considerable contact with Persians who though of a different ethnic identity, religion and language shared the same culture. Geography determined in part their varying political organization. But Greeks fought both with Darius III and Xerxes as well as with Themistocles and Alexander.
The Persian defeat at Salamis (480 B.C.) signaled a triumph of free states over an imperial foreign monarchy. The same cannot be said about Gaugamela (331 B.C.) - a battle between two kingdoms. Some call the hostile takeover a marriage, others a rape. Alexander decisively defeated Darius III and spread his empire from Egypt to India. Macedonians were aware of the Greek victory of Salamis 150 years ago but how much of role did it play on their lives? How much does the role of firing of Fort Sumter play on the conscience of every day Americans? Also Salamis threatened the Peloponnese not Macedonia.
Hanson links the Roman empire with Greeks. But if one must strain to see the contrasts between the Persian and the Macedonian, one needs to be more flexible to discern how the Carthaginians are outside Western Civilization. The Carthaginians shared the same religion and same government as the Romans. In many ways, they were more free as they did not have conscription among their laws. Thus they depended on mercenary armies. Originally a Near Eastern peoples, they practiced child human sacrifice - a practice odious to the Romans. Nonetheless they had more in common than later day Roman revisionists like to admit.
Cannae was a victory for the Carthaginians. It is true that the Romans internalized that defeat the same way a Texan would the Alamo. The defeat of Hannibal was a victory of freeborn Romans against the mercenary armies of the free and democratic city-state of Carthage. The Roman rightly puffs his chest at recollecting Hannibal's fate when he bended his knee to the rule of the Caesars or as he moved his chattels to Byzantium. Nothing lasts forever that said the transfers of culture and history from one generation to another are not addressed but just assumed by Hanson.
Hanson stands on firmer ground when he writes about Potiers and Tenochitlan. But little is known about Potiers. In describing Tenochitlan, Hanson refutes Diamond’s thesis every effectively by describing Spanish warfare and Cortes’ genius for diplomacy and war. Unfortunately Hanson’s praise for Spanish warfare and Cortes’ genius on its own does not solely support his Western values thesis of technology and reason. Cortes built an organization of men across nationalities of differing languages, religions and civilizations for one purpose the overthrow of Aztec empire. He was not a tech-head though he did employ them using their skills to construct boats and siege works. He was not a Renaissance philosopher who waxed on about free will and the church. He had a Catholic education but injured himself falling out of the window of a married woman and may have killed his first wife Catalina Suarez. In this regard, Hanson’s characterization of Occidentals being more efficient killers applies.
The examination of Lepanto and Rourke's Drift in the course of Western civilization seem too minor to validate Hanson’s thesis of cultural superiority. At Rourke’s Drift, the British had breech loading rifles backing Jared Diamond’s trinity of Guns, Germs and Steel except that the Zulus
massacred the British at Isandlwana. Lieutenants John Chard and Gonville Bromhead deserve the credit for organizing and leading their men in such a way to maximize firepower and save British lives. The battle did not stop the war and it is doubtful what impact if any the Anglo-Zulu war had on Western Civilization.
Siege of Vienna September 11, 1683 A.D. |
Lepanto was a significant battle between the West and the Ottoman Empire. But it was not the most significant. The Turks rebuilt their fleet within a year. Second, the Sieges of Vienna are more
important than Lepanto in rolling back Ottoman prestige. Also Hanson is silent about the French-Ottoman alliance and the alliances many Christian kingdoms had with the Ottomans. Further, geography, Jared Diamond’s pet plays a bigger part as Europe has significant borders to Islam that only now being breeched by the migrant crisis.
Zulu (1964) this movie recreates the Battle of Rourke's Drift (1871) |
Count Majlath : As the years go by, the fortunes of these countries change as one becomes stronger another becomes weaker.
Helene: But why? Why can’t a strong country remain strong always?
Count Majlath: Because strength in itself is a great danger. The fact that Austria is as strong as she is today means that she has many enemies. No man wishes to be dominated by another. People become angry and resentful.
The Fall of Eagles (1974)19
Zulu (1964) starring Michael Caine & Stanley Baker |
the author with 3rd Battalion of 10th Special Forces Group (Airborne) in Halbjah, Iraq during Operation Viking Hammer circa March 2003 |
The Virgin Mary with the infant Jesus |
The state of Texas teaches high school students pathos, logos and ethos. Should we not apply this high school test on modern scholarship? I was in the 75th Ranger Regiment. The 75th enjoys a long lineage of being very efficient killers. But the 75th Ranger Regiment cannot give birth to a child. I went to Iraq with the 10th Special Forces too. 10th Group cannot
teach a child the way a mother can. All great men or rather all men that other men make great started with babies feet. Too bad, the hand that rocks the cradle does not get the full credit for ruling the world.
teach a child the way a mother can. All great men or rather all men that other men make great started with babies feet. Too bad, the hand that rocks the cradle does not get the full credit for ruling the world.
George Weigel |
Saint Pope John Paul the Great |
In conclusion, the explanation of 514 years of Western dominance cannot be attributed to Diamond or Hanson's thesis, but that of the establishment and maintenance of Catholic Church which is the last and best hope for humanity.
Samuel Huntington's map of world civilizations |
Vanity of vanities! All things are vanity! What profit has man from all the labor which he toils at under the sun? One generation passes and another comes, but the world forever stays. The sun rises and the sun goes down; then it presses on to the place where it rises. Blowing now toward the south, then toward the north, the wind turns again and again, resuming its rounds. All rivers go to the sea, yet never does the sea become full. To the place where they go, the rivers keep on going. All speech is labored; there is nothing man can say. The eye is not satisfied with seeing nor is the ear filled with hearing. What has been, that will be; what has been done, that will be done. Nothing is new under the sun.
Ecclesiastes 1:2-923
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1Archbishop John Morton Morton's Fork popularized the false dichotomy in the late 15th century England. The Archbishop of Canterbury, John Morton (1420 -1500) allied himself to King Henry VII. King Henry VII levied large taxes to restore Royal Solvency.
Morton agreed: "If the subject is seen to live frugally, tell him because he is clearly a money saver of great ability, he can afford to give generously to the King. If, however, the subject lives a life of great extravagance, tell him he, too, can afford to give largely, the proof of his opulence being evident in his expenditure."
People familiar with Morton's infamous dilemma attached his assent with forks as forks at that time had two only prongs. History instructs with further irony that Henry VII sought harmony and fiscal responsibility his successor destroyed by the Church and the Exchequer.
Morton agreed: "If the subject is seen to live frugally, tell him because he is clearly a money saver of great ability, he can afford to give generously to the King. If, however, the subject lives a life of great extravagance, tell him he, too, can afford to give largely, the proof of his opulence being evident in his expenditure."
People familiar with Morton's infamous dilemma attached his assent with forks as forks at that time had two only prongs. History instructs with further irony that Henry VII sought harmony and fiscal responsibility his successor destroyed by the Church and the Exchequer.
2Matthew 7:16: By their fruits you will know them. Do people pick grapes from thornbushes, or figs from thistles?
The New American Bible - IntraText. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2016, fromhttp://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PVG.HTM
The New American Bible - IntraText. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2016, fromhttp://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PVG.HTM
3Diamond met Yali in Papua New Guinea in 1972 where Yali asked, “Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?” Cargo meaning stuff. Yali was an interesting and complicated man who served the British during the Second World War at great expense to himself. After the war, he served time in prison.
Diamond, J., Guns, Germs and Steel, (1997), Virago, 2005, p 13-15
4Diamond and Hanson do not belong to the Frankfurt School. But if Academia concedes a Marxist view of history, why not a Christian world view.
5Robert Greene makes this point in the Preface of his book. He writes: “They might also lead them astray literally, taking them on a journey, as Cleopatra lured Julius Caesar on a trip down the Nile. Men would grow hooked on these refined, sensual pleasures — they would fall in love. But then, invariably, the women would turn cold and indifferent, confusing their victims. Just when the men wanted more, they found their pleasures withdrawn. They would be forced into pursuit, trying anything to win back the favors they once had tasted and growing weak and emotional in the process. Men who had physical force and all the social power — men like King David, the Trojan Paris, Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, King Fu Chai — would find themselves becoming the slave of a woman.
Greene, Robert. The Art of Seduction. New York, NY: Penguin, 2003. Print.
Greene, Robert. The Art of Seduction. New York, NY: Penguin, 2003. Print.
6Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "Ozymandias." The Literature Network. Jalic Inc., n.d. Web. 10 June 2016.
7"World GDP Ranking 2015 | Data and Charts." Https://knoema.com/. Knoema, n.d. Web. 10 June 2016.
8Mark 8:36 What profit is there for one to gain the whole world and forfeit his life?
The New American Bible - IntraText. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2016, fromhttp://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PVG.HTM
9What is really startling about the theses of Hanson and Diamond is that they make no concessions to culture. At least Diamond on his website acknowledges the limitations of Geographical Determinism.
Homer. "The Internet Classics Archive | The Odyssey by Homer." The Internet Classics Archive | The Odyssey by Homer. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 10 June 2016.
10Yeʼor, Bat. Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 2005. Print.
11Eager, Paige Whaley (2013). From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violence. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 90. ISBN 9781409498575.
Kaplan, Jeffrey (2000). Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. AltaMira Press. p. 539. ISBN 9780742503403. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Kivisto, Peter; Rundblad, Georganne (2000). Multiculturalism in the United States: Current Issues, Contemporary Voices. SAGE Knowledge. pp. 57–60. ISBN 9780761986485. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Capehart, Jonathan. "A petition to ‘stop white genocide’?". Washington Post. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Perry, Barbara. "‘White Genocide’: White Supremacists and the Politics of Reproduction." Home-grown hate: Gender and organized racism (2001): 75-85.
"'White Genocide' Billboard Removed". NBC News. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Sexton, Jared (2008). Amalgamation Schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism. Univ Of Minnesota Press. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0816651043. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
12Thivierge, Robert. "Atheist Revolution: Atheism and White Power." Atheism and White Power. Atheist Revolution!, 2 Nov. 2007. Web. 10 June 2016.
13Rose, B. (2013, October 20). Jared Diamond - Guns, Germs, & Steel | London Real. Retrieved June 16, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rP8vkG3dmQ
14I am telling a joke. I made a pun that plays on the words reign and rain. - the reign of Guns, Germs and Steel. Matthew 5:45 - for he makes his sun rise on the bad and the good, and causes rain to fall on the just and the unjust.
15 Diamond, J. (n.d.). Geographic determinism. Retrieved June 16, 2016, fromhttp://www.jareddiamond.org/Jared_Diamond/Geographic_determinism.html
This is the first time in my life where someone described an act of conscience as a failure. Von Stauffenberg did not succeed in the assassination of Adolf Hitler any more than the Polish Home Army in Warsaw Uprising. But we don't belittle the sacrifices of the brave just because they do not succeed. It was very much in poor taste.
Further Hitler escaped over 20 attempts on his life. Why? Neither theses from Hanson or Diamond explain this.
16Ibid.
17It must be said that the public see Hanson's argument on Midway is the strongest and Tet the weakest.
18Line 35
Shakespeare, W. (n.d.). The Merchant of Venice. Act II. Scene I. William Shakespeare. 1914. The Oxford Shakespeare. Retrieved June 10, 2016, from http://www.bartleby.com/70/1921.html
Shakespeare, W. (n.d.). The Merchant of Venice. Act II. Scene I. William Shakespeare. 1914. The Oxford Shakespeare. Retrieved June 10, 2016, from http://www.bartleby.com/70/1921.html
19Elliot, John. "Fall of Eagles Episode 01." YouTube. British Broadcasting Company, 16 Jan. 2016. Web. 10 June 2016.
20Schanzer, Jonathan. "Ansar Al-Islam: Back in Iraq." Middle East Forum. Daniel Pipes, Winter 2004. Web. 10 June 2016.
21ForaTv, and Victor Davis Hanson. "Victor Davis Hanson - Is the "War on Terror" Really a War?" YouTube. ForaTv, 29 May 2007. Web. 10 June 2016.
Hanson, Victor Davis. "Is the War on Terror Over?" RealClearPolitics. Tom Bevan and John McIntyre, 26 Apr. 2007. Web. 10 June 2016.
Hanson, Victor Davis. "Waging The War on 'Terror,' Vichy-style." National Review Online. William F. Buckley Jr., 14 Nov. 2015. Web. 10 June 2016.
22Weigel, George. Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II. New York: Cliff Street, 1999. Print.
23The New American Bible - IntraText. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2016, from http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PVG.HTM
James A. Bretney
Norwich University, Entrance Essay
June 9, 2016